Posted by aionman on Nov 20, 2009 in
Ubuntu # sudo -s
# apt-get install pure-ftpd pureadmin
Create the user and group accounts:
sudo groupadd ftpgroup
sudo useradd -g ftpgroup -d /dev/null -s /etc ftpuser
sudo mkdir /home/ftpusers
sudo chown -R ftpuser:ftpgroup /home/ftpusers
# pure-pw useradd joe -u ftpuser -d /home/ftpusers/joe
Type in the password when prompted for the new user twice.
Create the database and make sure that the pure-ftpd configuration strictly uses the pdb file for managing accounts:
# pure-pw mkdb
# ln -s /etc/pure-ftpd/conf/PureDB /etc/pure-ftpd/auth/PureDB
# gedit /etc/pure-ftpd/conf/PAMAuthentication
Change yes into no (or yes to allow system users to logon)
Make sure that a backup file (.PAMAuthentication~) isn’t created because it will create a conflict when trying to restart service. Using PAM can allow public access to administrative accounts using pure-ftpd, that’s why I disable it within pure-ftpd. I prefer it off so I can strictly use virtual accounts maintained within the pdb file.
Finally it’s time to enable the pdb file and yes you do have to stop the server in order to avoid errors stating that the port is already in use.
# /etc/init.d/pure-ftpd stop
# /usr/sbin/pure-ftpd -j -lpuredb:/etc/pure-ftpd/pureftpd.pdb &
# /etc/init.d/pure-ftpd start
It works great and is very simple to administer with PureAdmin. Most of the virtual user creation can be done there. Saves a lot of time. The visual log helps out a bit too.
Later you can use
#pure-ftpd-control restart
May need to add
# ln -s /etc/pure-ftpd/conf/PureDB /etc/pure-ftpd/auth/50PureDB to allow it to point to .pdb
Restarting ftp server: Running: /usr/sbin/pure-ftpd -l puredb:/etc/pure-ftpd/pureftpd.pdb -u 1000 -E -O clf:/var/log/pure-ftpd/transfer.log -j -B
Posted by aionman on Nov 12, 2009 in
Linux,
Ubuntu
Replacing A Failed Hard Drive In A Software RAID1 Array
Version 1.0
Author: Falko Timme <ft [at] falkotimme [dot] com>
Last edited 01/21/2007
This guide shows how to remove a failed hard drive from a Linux RAID1/5 array (software RAID), and how to add a new hard disk to the RAID1/5 array without losing data.
Take RAID1 as an example.
1 Preliminary Note
I have two hard drives, /dev/sda and /dev/sdb, with the partitions /dev/sda1 and /dev/sda2 as well as /dev/sdb1 and /dev/sdb2.
/dev/sda1 and /dev/sdb1 make up the RAID1 array /dev/md0.
/dev/sda2 and /dev/sdb2 make up the RAID1 array /dev/md1.
/dev/sda1 + /dev/sdb1 = /dev/md0
/dev/sda2 + /dev/sdb2 = /dev/md1
/dev/sdb has failed, and we want to replace it.
2 How Do I Tell If A Hard Disk Has Failed?
If a disk has failed, you will probably find a lot of error messages in the log files, e.g. /var/log/messages or /var/log/syslog.
You can also run
cat /proc/mdstat
and instead of the string [UU] you will see [U_] if you have a degraded RAID1 array.
3 Removing The Failed Disk
To remove /dev/sdb, we will mark /dev/sdb1 and /dev/sdb2 as failed and remove them from their respective RAID arrays (/dev/md0 and /dev/md1).
First we mark /dev/sdb1 as failed:
mdadm –manage /dev/md0 –fail /dev/sdb1
The output of
cat /proc/mdstat
should look like this:
server1:~# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid5] [raid4] [raid6] [raid10]
md0 : active raid1 sda1[0] sdb1[2](F)
24418688 blocks [2/1] [U_]
md1 : active raid1 sda2[0] sdb2[1]
24418688 blocks [2/2] [UU]
unused devices: <none>
Then we remove /dev/sdb1 from /dev/md0:
mdadm –manage /dev/md0 –remove /dev/sdb1
The output should be like this:
server1:~# mdadm –manage /dev/md0 –remove /dev/sdb1
mdadm: hot removed /dev/sdb1
And
cat /proc/mdstat
should show this:
server1:~# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid5] [raid4] [raid6] [raid10]
md0 : active raid1 sda1[0]
24418688 blocks [2/1] [U_]
md1 : active raid1 sda2[0] sdb2[1]
24418688 blocks [2/2] [UU]
unused devices: <none>
Now we do the same steps again for /dev/sdb2 (which is part of /dev/md1):
mdadm –manage /dev/md1 –fail /dev/sdb2
cat /proc/mdstat
server1:~# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid5] [raid4] [raid6] [raid10]
md0 : active raid1 sda1[0]
24418688 blocks [2/1] [U_]
md1 : active raid1 sda2[0] sdb2[2](F)
24418688 blocks [2/1] [U_]
unused devices: <none>
mdadm –manage /dev/md1 –remove /dev/sdb2
server1:~# mdadm –manage /dev/md1 –remove /dev/sdb2
mdadm: hot removed /dev/sdb2
cat /proc/mdstat
server1:~# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid5] [raid4] [raid6] [raid10]
md0 : active raid1 sda1[0]
24418688 blocks [2/1] [U_]
md1 : active raid1 sda2[0]
24418688 blocks [2/1] [U_]
unused devices: <none>
Then power down the system:
shutdown -h now
and replace the old /dev/sdb hard drive with a new one (it must have at least the same size as the old one – if it’s only a few MB smaller than the old one then rebuilding the arrays will fail).
4 Adding The New Hard Disk
After you have changed the hard disk /dev/sdb, boot the system.
The first thing we must do now is to create the exact same partitioning as on /dev/sda. We can do this with one simple command:
sfdisk -d /dev/sda | sfdisk /dev/sdb
You can run
fdisk -l
to check if both hard drives have the same partitioning now.
Next we add /dev/sdb1 to /dev/md0 and /dev/sdb2 to /dev/md1:
mdadm –manage /dev/md0 –add /dev/sdb1
server1:~# mdadm –manage /dev/md0 –add /dev/sdb1
mdadm: re-added /dev/sdb1
mdadm –manage /dev/md1 –add /dev/sdb2
server1:~# mdadm –manage /dev/md1 –add /dev/sdb2
mdadm: re-added /dev/sdb2
Now both arays (/dev/md0 and /dev/md1) will be synchronized. Run
cat /proc/mdstat
to see when it’s finished.
During the synchronization the output will look like this:
server1:~# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid5] [raid4] [raid6] [raid10]
md0 : active raid1 sda1[0] sdb1[1]
24418688 blocks [2/1] [U_]
[=>...................] recovery = 9.9% (2423168/24418688) finish=2.8min speed=127535K/sec
md1 : active raid1 sda2[0] sdb2[1]
24418688 blocks [2/1] [U_]
[=>...................] recovery = 6.4% (1572096/24418688) finish=1.9min speed=196512K/sec
unused devices: <none>
When the synchronization is finished, the output will look like this:
server1:~# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid5] [raid4] [raid6] [raid10]
md0 : active raid1 sda1[0] sdb1[1]
24418688 blocks [2/2] [UU]
md1 : active raid1 sda2[0] sdb2[1]
24418688 blocks [2/2] [UU]
unused devices: <none>
That’s it, you have successfully replaced /dev/sdb!
